What is a key characteristic for diagnosing major depressive disorder?

The presence of depressed mood or anhedonia is a fundamental characteristic for diagnosing major depressive disorder (MDD). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) outlines that a key criterion for MDD involves experiencing either a persistent low mood or a loss of interest and pleasure in most activities (anhedonia) for a minimum duration of two weeks. This criterion highlights the core emotional and motivational symptoms of depression, distinguishing MDD from other mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder, which involves manic episodes. Moreover, the symptoms must cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning, reinforcing the importance of depressed mood or anhedonia in identifying individuals who may require clinical intervention.

The other options mentioned do not align with the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. For instance, the presence of manic episodes is characteristic of bipolar disorder rather than MDD. Increased social interactions and consistent high energy levels are also not indicative of major depressive disorder; in fact, individuals with MDD often experience social withdrawal and reduced energy levels. Thus, recognizing either depressed mood or anhedonia as central features is crucial in accurately diagnosing MDD.